Hypospadias in Children: Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Hypospadias is one of the most common congenital anomalies affecting the urinary and reproductive systems in males. It occurs when the urethral opening is located on the underside of the penis rather than at the tip. The severity of the condition can vary from mild to complex, necessitating early diagnosis and appropriate treatment to ensure normal function and improve cosmetic appearance.

Causes of Hypospadias

Although the exact cause of hypospadias is not fully understood, several factors are believed to contribute to its occurrence, including:

  1. Genetic Factors: Studies suggest that a family history of hypospadias increases the likelihood of developing the condition.

  2. Hormonal Imbalances During Pregnancy: Certain hormonal disturbances during fetal development can affect urethral formation, leading to hypospadias.

  3. Environmental Factors: Exposure to specific chemicals during pregnancy may increase the risk of developing hypospadias.

Symptoms of Hypospadias

The symptoms depend on the severity of the condition and may include:

  • A urethral opening located on the underside of the penis rather than at the tip.

  • Penile curvature during erection (Chordee).

  • Difficulty urinating or an abnormal urinary stream direction.

  • In some cases, an incomplete foreskin covering the glans.

Diagnosis of Hypospadias

The condition is usually diagnosed at birth during a physical examination by a pediatrician or pediatric urologist. In some cases, additional tests may be required if there is suspicion of associated anomalies.

Treatment of Hypospadias

Treatment depends on the severity of the condition, with surgery being the optimal solution. The surgical procedure aims to:

  • Relocate the urethral opening to its normal position.

  • Correct any penile curvature.

  • Improve urinary function and cosmetic appearance.

When Should Surgery Be Performed?

Surgical correction is typically recommended between 6 and 18 months of age, as this is an optimal period for the child to tolerate the procedure while minimizing psychological impact. In complex cases, multiple surgeries may be required to achieve the best outcome.

Post-Surgery Care and Recovery

After surgery, careful post-operative care is essential for successful healing. This includes:

  • Using a temporary urinary catheter to allow tissues to heal properly.

  • Preventing infection through proper wound care.

  • Regular follow-up visits with the doctor to ensure proper healing and normal function.

Conclusion

Hypospadias is a common condition that can be successfully corrected due to advances in pediatric urology. Early diagnosis and proper surgical intervention significantly improve the child's quality of life and prevent future complications. Therefore, it is essential to consult a specialist as soon as any abnormal signs are noticed to ensure timely and appropriate treatment.